This review provides a current summary of marine alkaloid aplysinopsins, encompassing their diverse origins, their synthetic pathways, and the established biological activity of many aplysinopsin derivatives.
Sea cucumber extract bioactive compounds demonstrate a potential for stimulating stem cell proliferation, resulting in valuable therapeutic benefits. The experimental protocol of this study involved exposing hUC-MSCs to an aqueous extract of the body walls of Holothuria parva. Within an aqueous extract of H. parva, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified proliferative molecules. hUC-MSCs were treated with human epidermal growth factor (EGF), at concentrations of 10 and 20 ng/mL, as positive controls, and aqueous extracts at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g/mL. Analysis of MTT, cell count, viability, and cell cycle assays was executed. Western blot analysis was utilized to detect the effects of H. parva and EGF extracts on indicators of cell proliferation. To identify potent proliferative compounds within the aqueous extract of H. parva, computational modeling was employed. Through an MTT assay, the proliferative effect of H. parva's 10, 20, and 40 g/mL aqueous extracts on hUC-MSCs was ascertained. The 20 g/mL concentration treatment produced a significantly greater and more rapid increase in cell count compared to the control group (p<0.005). Embryo biopsy There was no noteworthy influence on hUC-MSC viability stemming from this concentration of the extract. Analysis of the hUC-MSC cell cycle using the assay demonstrated a higher proportion of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle within the extract-treated group, in contrast to the control group. Expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E, HIF-1, and TERT proteins increased significantly as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of p21 and PCNA were reduced following treatment of hUC-MSCs with the extract. Although different, the expression levels of CDC-2/cdk-1 and ERK1/2 were nearly the same as those exhibited by the control group. A decrease in the expression of CDK-4 and CDK-6 was evident after the treatment regimen. Based on the detected compounds, 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl phenyl)-benzene showed increased binding affinity for CDK-4 and p21 when contrasted with tetradecanoic acid. An aqueous extract from H. parva displayed a proliferative effect on hUC-MSC cultures.
In terms of prevalence and lethality, colorectal cancer is among the most significant global cancer types. Facing this emergency, nations have implemented comprehensive screening protocols and advanced surgical approaches, resulting in a reduced death rate among patients without the spread of the disease. Despite the passage of five years since the diagnosis, a survival rate below 20% unfortunately still characterizes metastatic colorectal cancer. For a sizable portion of patients diagnosed with metastatic colorectal cancer, surgical treatment is not feasible. Their only recourse is treatment with conventional chemotherapies, which inevitably produce harmful side effects in the normal surrounding tissues. With respect to this area of healthcare, nanomedicine can act as a catalyst for the expansion of traditional medical possibilities, thereby breaking free from limitations. From the powder of diatom shells, innovative nano-based drug delivery systems, diatomite nanoparticles (DNPs), are developed. In numerous locations worldwide, diatomite, a porous biosilica, is abundant and authorized by the FDA for applications in both pharmaceuticals and animal feed. Diatomite nanoparticles, with a size of 300 to 400 nanometers, functioned as biocompatible nanocarriers, delivering chemotherapeutic agents to precise targets while reducing undesirable effects outside the intended cells. A review of colorectal cancer treatment using conventional methodologies is presented, highlighting the shortcomings of traditional medicine and exploring innovative options facilitated by diatomite-based drug delivery systems. Three targeted treatments are identified: anti-angiogenetic drugs, antimetastatic drugs, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
We examined the consequences of a homogenous porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis (PHP) on the intestinal barrier and the gut microbial ecosystem in this research. PHP's oral delivery to mice resulted in an elevated luminal moisture level and a decreased pH in the colon, which fostered the growth of beneficial bacteria. PHP's implementation demonstrably raised the amount of short-chain fatty acids produced during the fermentation cycle. PHP treatment resulted in a more structured and tightly packed arrangement of intestinal epithelial cells within mice, alongside a noteworthy increase in the thickness of their mucosal layer. The intestinal mucosal barrier's architecture and functionality were maintained by PHP, which stimulated an increase in mucin-producing goblet cells and mucin expression within the colon. PHP stimulated the expression of tight junctions, including ZO-1 and occludin, contributing to a strengthened intestinal physical barrier. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the impact of PHP on the gut microbiota in mice was observed, manifesting as increased microbial richness, diversity, and a modification of the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. This investigation found that PHP intake has a positive effect on the digestive tract, and PHP may represent a significant prebiotic source for the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
Sulfated glycans from marine organisms, functioning as naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan (GAG) mimetics, exhibit strong therapeutic actions, including antiviral, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a surface component of host cells, acts as a co-receptor for many viruses, aiding their attachment and cellular entry. Thus, broad-spectrum antiviral agents have been created by exploiting the connection between virions and HS. Evaluated for their potential in counteracting monkeypox virus (MPXV) are eight specific marine sulfated glycans, three fucosylated chondroitin sulfates, and three sulfated fucans from the sea cucumber species Isostichopus badionotus, Holothuria floridana, Pentacta pygmaea, and the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, as well as their two desulfated forms. The effect of these marine sulfated glycans on the interaction between MPXV A29 and A35 proteins and heparin was assessed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). These findings indicated that MPXV A29 and A35 viral surface proteins interact with heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Significantly, sulfated glycans extracted from sea cucumbers effectively inhibited the binding of MPXV A29 and A35. The exploration of molecular interactions between viral proteins and host cell glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is paramount in formulating effective therapeutic measures for the management and prevention of monkeypox virus (MPXV).
Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) are the primary producers of phlorotannins, secondary metabolites that comprise the polyphenolic compound class, characterized by a wide variety of biological activities. The key to effectively extracting polyphenols rests on the proper selection of a suitable solvent, the appropriate extraction method, and the optimization of the extraction conditions. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is a cutting-edge, energy-saving technique specifically tailored for the extraction of fragile compounds. In polyphenol extraction, methanol, acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate are the most frequently used solvents. In place of harmful organic solvents, a novel category of eco-friendly solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), has been introduced for the effective extraction of diverse natural compounds, such as polyphenols. In the past, numerous NADES were considered for extracting phlorotannins; however, the extraction conditions lacked optimization, which prevented a complete chemical characterization of the NADES extracts. This research project explored the effect of selected parameters used in the extraction process on the concentration of phlorotannins in NADES extracts of Fucus vesiculosus. This encompassed optimizing the extraction parameters and performing a chemical profiling analysis of the phlorotannins in the resulting NADES extract. The NADES-UAE procedure for the extraction of phlorotannins was created with a focus on speed and environmental soundness. Optimization using an experimental design showed NADES (lactic acid-choline chloride; 31) to effectively yield a high phlorotannin output (1373 mg phloroglucinol equivalents per gram dry weight of algae) under these extraction parameters: a 23-minute extraction time, 300% water concentration, and a 112:1 sample-to-solvent ratio. The optimized NADES extract's antioxidant effectiveness mirrored that of the EtOH extract. Researchers uncovered 32 phlorotannins in NADES extracts from arctic F. vesiculosus through the application of HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS. The identified phlorotannins included one trimer, two tetramers, six pentamers, four hexamers, six heptamers, six octamers, and a count of seven nonamers. Confirmation was made that all the aforementioned phlorotannins were present in both EtOH and NADES extracts. Prosthetic joint infection NADES extraction of phlorotannins from F. vesiculosus demonstrates a strong antioxidant profile, suggesting a viable alternative to established techniques.
The saponins (triterpene glycosides) of the North Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) are principally represented by frondosides. Frondosides' amphiphilicity is a direct outcome of the presence of hydrophilic sugar moieties and the hydrophobic genin (sapogenin). Widespread across the northern Atlantic, sea cucumbers, which are a type of holothurian, contain a rich store of saponins. CHIR-258 Over 300 triterpene glycosides, sourced from various sea cucumber species, have been meticulously isolated, identified, and categorized. Furthermore, the broad classification of sea cucumber saponins relies on their fron-dosides, which have been well studied. C. frondosa extracts containing frondoside demonstrate, in recent research, a multitude of therapeutic potentials, including anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-hyperuricemic, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiangiogenic, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities.